Abstract: It was traditionaly thought that the central nerve system (CNS) defected the regenerated ability, following the injury. However,the eripheral nerve system (PNS) possesses an ability of regeneration after injury.Also it was found that the axon in CNS might extended into the graft, as soon as the peripheral nerve tissue was transplanted into the injured part of CNS. Therefore, it implied that the axon in CNS also possess the regeneration ability, and the regeneration of axon in CNS just depended on the microenvironment around them.The microenvironment of CNS doesn't adapt to the nerve regeneration after damage. The different microenvironment between CNS and PNS mainly results from the different types of glial cells--the oligodendrocytes in CNS play an inhibit role, while the Schwann cells in PNS play an active role in the repairing process following the nerve injury. When CNS damaged, the injured myelin sheath that composed from oligodendrocytes released a lot of inhibitors for axon-regeneration. On the other hand, glial scar inhibited the axon regeneration by space obstruction proteoglycan inhibition (e.g.chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, CSPGs).Therefore, the repair strategies for nerve regeneration of CNS were just as Seeds Substitution and Soil Amendment, follwing injury. For example, Soil Improvement was performed by weaking the inhibitors of obstructing the CNS regeneration, removing the glial scar, suppling the advantageous factors, transplanting the endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in order to re-establish the microvascular, and repairing the injured myelin. Seed Substitution was done by transplanting the nerve stem cells (NSCs), and appling the biomacromolecules as the cellular bridges during the CNS regeneration. Finally, the injured CNS can be repaired.

Brief Biography of the Speaker:
Xiaodan JIANG is a Professor of Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, at Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, China. She graduated in Harbin Medical University of China in 1983 for Bachelor of Medical Science, and in 1989 for Master of Medicine. During 5 of years from 1992 to 1997, she got the Scholarship from Culture and Education Minister of Japan Government, graduated and got Medicine PhD degree at Kochi Medical University, Japan in 1997. Returning to China, she has been working at Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, as a Professor, where she has also the scientific responsibility for Nerve Regeneration Group. Her main research interests are focus on the Mechanisms of Injury and Repair of the Central Nerve System (CNS), Molecular Mechanisms of Regulation and Control of Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) Differentiation, and Clinical Therapy Application by NSCs Transplant. In these fields, she authored or co-authored over 20 scientific papers published in international journals recent 2 years, in which the highest impact factor (IF) is 18.7 (Nature Cell Biology, 2008). She edited or participated to edit 8 of Academic Monographs mainly including Neural Stem Cells (ISBN 7-80121-857-4/r.850, Beijing 2006), Empirical Method of Modern Midicine (ISBN 7-117-02631-6/R.2632, Beijing 2009), etc. Also she got 2 of National Invention Patents of China, including Preparative Method of NSCs Medium (ZL02134314.4) and Culture Method of Human NSCs (ZL02134313.6). She has gotten 13600 thousands RMB of Science Funds from China Government since 2000. She also has the Scientific memberships such as IEEE, Electron Microscopy Organization (Japan, China), Anatomy Organization (Japan, China), Neuroscience Association of China, Cytochemistry and Histochemistry Organization (Japan), and Human Biological Tissue Engineering Academic Organization of Guangdong Province. She also is a Review Specialist for Nature Science Fund and Nature Science Technique Award of China. Her PhD students are working in different universities or research institutions in China, USA, and Singapore now.